why is only a tiny subset of these mutations

Patients demographic, clinical, and biological features expressed as categorical variables were compared using the Fisher exact test. Parallel Session 1 - Donors and donation - Donor selection and decisions: the ins and outs Genetic Mutations POGIL. b Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children Only a. C) yes. How many nucleotides are present in the "normal" DNA sequence in Model 1? The modern tiny house movement is an empowering cultural shift centered around consciously simplifying. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations A skin cell on a cat contains a positive mutation in its DNA. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations. A gene mutation is a change in the sequence of nucleotides that occurs during cell replication (mitosis and meiosis) within a single coding section of DNA. From the clinical point of view, T LGLL cases more frequently showed symptomatic disease in terms of neutropenia (54.2% vs 38.8%, P= .0161), anemia (49.6% vs 11.6%, P< .0001), severe anemia (21% vs 8.5%, P= .0065), thrombocytopenia (15.1% vs 5.4%, P= .0187), and concurrent autoimmune/inflammatory diseases (41.5% vs 21.7%, P= .0009) (Table4). In the past, LGLL was considered a unique chronic and indolent disease, except for a few patients presenting with very aggressive disease.23 In recent years, however, a better understanding of this disorder has been achieved, pointing out the need for therapy in a significant fraction of LGLL patients.6,7,24 Data provided in this study further encourage distinguishing T LGLL from T LGLL, since T LGLL patients showed unique clinical and biological features. In our cohort, we confirm the association between STAT3 mutation and symptomatic disease, particularly with neutropenia, and increased need for therapy, although we did not observe a reduced OS for STAT3-mutated cases. Altogether, the results indicate that, besides the distinction between T-LGLL and natural killerLGLL, further dissection of T-LGLL into the T and T LGLL disease variants is of clinical relevance due to the poorer outcome and distinct treatment response profile of the latter patients. In literature you can find me by my full name Seyed Ali Madani Tonekaboni. Join now. How is the dna in a prokaryote different from the dna in a eykaryote . , ompulsive" disorder" Blood 2023; 141 (9): 10361046. Join now. There are proofreading enzymes in cells that correct many of these mistakes, bu So first of all, homoerotic mutations are referring to mutations of the homoerotic gene 1,2 These neoplasms that may present as chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), acute myeloid leukemia/blast phase, myeloid sarcoma, or lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia It can be inferred that mutations within a population accumulate. The study cohort included 137 patients affected by T LGLL who were followed from 1997 to 2020 at 8 referral centers across the world (France, Italy, Japan, Spain, United States). How many codons are contained in the mRNA that is produced by the "normal" DNA in Model 1? He focuses on Primary care, Opiate addiction, and comprehensive care as a doctor, and oral surgery, cosmetic dentistry and general dentistry as a dentist. Aside from this potential bias in survival analysis, our data point to the recommendation to include the T immunophenotype in the diagnostic workup of unexplained cytopenia. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. The mutation in that sequence is a deletion mutation. mandible: A part of the bony structure However, the frequency and distribution of BRAF mutations within the spectrum of GISTs, and whether they He focuses on Primary care, Opiate addiction, and comprehensive care as a doctor, and oral surgery, cosmetic dentistry and general dentistry as a dentist. Altogether, these results underly the relevance of a precise characterization and subclassification of LGLL. Pages 6 And we have tended to find some that we could get to from where we were before. Variations in our DNA and differences in how that DNA view available hint (s) it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations it is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species it is evolution that involves only tiny changes to dna, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) It is evolution that influences only a small The mutation in that sequence is a substitution mutation. Pages 7 This preview shows page 6 -. Gregorio Baril, Angela Grassi, HeeJin Cheon, Antonella Teramo, Giulia Calabretto, Jasmanet Chahal, Cristina Vicenzetto, Julia Almeida, Bryna C. Shemo, Min Shi, Vanessa Rebecca Gasparini, Noemi Munoz-Garcia, Cdric Pastoret, Hideyuki Nakazawa, Kazuo Oshimi, Lubomir Sokol, Fumihiro Ishida, Thierry Lamy, Alberto Orfao, William G. Morice, Thomas P. Loughran, Gianpietro Semenzato, Renato Zambello; T LGLL identifies a subset with more symptomatic disease: analysis of an international cohort of 137patients. Since our mind-bendingly small subset of possible proteins supports life, shouldn't we expect that many many (as in 10^300) other potential subsets of different proteins would do so too? The online version of this article contains a data supplement. genes code for your whole body mRNA only gives instructions to your cells after they are formed. Copyright 2023 by American Society of Hematology, T-LGLL: variety is the spice of this leukemia, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Which types of mutations positive negative or neutral are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children. it's not for this question, we will be discussing homoerotic mutations. Two of these three cases exhibited a G13D mutation, whereas the remaining case contained a mutation in G12V. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Pages 7 This preview shows page 6 - Whether ICIs have a role among these patients, and if so, when, is controversial. kitchen respray reviews. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Please check for further notifications by email. For the screening of STAT3 and STAT5b mutations by Sanger Sequencing, we used the set of primers reported by Koskela etal4 and by Rajala etal,8 respectively, to amplify the hot spot regions for mutations (exons 19-21 for STAT3 and exons 16-18 for STAT5b). Log in. Statistical analysis was conducted using R version 3.6.2. stabbing in new york city today; wheatley high school basketball; dc form wt. Phenotype is the traits that can be observed in an organism using their genetic code. Mutations have to be present in the sperm cells or egg cells. Using simple models of protein folding, we demonstrate systematically that there is a "designability principle" behind nature's selection of protein folds. According to retrospective studies including few and heterogenous series of patients,27-29 treatment of LGLL still relies on immunosuppressive therapy, where MTX and CTX are used upfront, and CyA is generally reserved for relapsed or refractory patients.1,2,21 To date, only 1 published prospective trial evaluating the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in LGLL is available,30 and 1 prospective and randomized trial comparing MTX and CTX as first-line therapy in LGLL is currently ongoing (NCT01976182). Over many years, however, this slight increase, compounded once or Over the past 2 decades, nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become a poster child for precision oncology. Explain how energy is transferred through t the last house on needless street spoiler. Many mutations occur on DNA part that serves no function this is why the subset is not passed on. Please help! The modern tiny house movement is an empowering cultural shift centered around consciously simplifying. Propose an explanation for this use of this symbol in that context. The higher S/CO ratio in ART+/HIV+ donations is probably due to later initiation of ART in these donors as roll-out of very early treatment has only started recently. Contribution: G.B. Choose a mutation from those in Model 2 that would be neutral for a cell. Demographic and clinical features, including presence of cytopenias, concomitant autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, secondary primary malignancies (SPMs), treatment requirement, and response, were collected. What could potentially cause more damage (or a greater benefit) to an organism, a substitution mutation or an insertion mutation? why is only a tiny subset of these mutations; best background color for reading; what time does it get dark in february 2022; weld county court records request; emaxx lst2 differential upgrade; thistledown live racing schedule 2021; roselli hunting knife. The protocol and informed consent form were approved by the Padua ethics committee (approval number 4213/AO/17). Most of the evidence currently available pertaining to immunotherapy in patients with oncogene-driven NSCLC comes from either subgroup analyses of clinical trials, small phase I or II non-controlled trials with combination regimens (generally including a targeted TKI as a backbone), B why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed. Many mutations occur on DNA part that serves no function this is why the subset is not passed on. he chain. School Coronado High School, Henderson; Course Title SCIENCE AP; Uploaded By BrigadierValor3470. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations This is a single blog caption. People are choosing to downsize the space they live in, simplify, and live with less. Finally, a subset of 38 samples of primary/and or metastatic lung adenocarcinomas from 23 patients, including five with serial biopsies, underwent detailed morphological analysis. To determine the effect of response to first-line treatment on progression-free survival (PFS) and OS, we performed a 6-month landmark analysis in treated patients categorized by their response status (at least partial response vs stable disease or progressive disease) at 6 months after the start of therapy. weathershield windows class action lawsuit. No significant differences in gender and age were found between the 2 disease subtypes (P= .3906 and P=.2408, respectively), while T LGLL cases generally showed higher LGL counts than T LGLL cases (LGL count > 2000/mm3 in 54.3% vs 22% cases, respectively; P< .0001). why is only a tiny subset of these mutations why is only a tiny subset of these mutationsandre dickens daughter. Only major mutations of the DNA can be passed down to the next generation, this is because only those that affects the phenotype of the DNA gets passed on. B)mutation A I build machine learning models in industrial level and develop new algoritihms and models as part of machine learnign research community. This international T LGL leukemia cohort was compared with a recently reported equal-size Italian T LGL leukemia cohort.7. Recently, a novel BRAF exon 15 mutation (V600E) was detected in imatinib-naive wild-type high-risk intestinal GISTs (4%). You change an amino acid to a similar one. Ask your question. Consider the following scenarios. Medical and Dental Practice housed in one convenient location. 1. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations - hercogroup.mx Genetic Mutations 7 Extension Questions 21. Explain your rea- soning by relating the mutation to the cellular respiration process. STAT3 mutations were detected in 37 cases (38.1%), with a prevalence of variants as follows: Y640F was detected in 16 cases (43.2%), D661Y in 9 cases (24.4%), D661V and S614R in 2 cases each (5.4%), and the H410R, Q448E, G618R, E638Q, K658F, and N647I variants were found in 1 case each (2.7%). which of the following contains an "if" clause? The mutation in that sequence is an insertion mutation. Its a new (or revived) approach toward defining what a home isand how much space and stuff it takes to be happy. substitution mutation Substituion of letters Insertion an extra nucleotide is added Deletion Deletion or addition of bases not in multiples of 3 Would all substitution mutations lead to a change in the amino acid sequence No becuase only one base is chnaged Would all insertion or deletion mutations lead to a change in the amino acid sequence Vnutromaternicove Teliesko S Medou, why is only a tiny subset of these mutations - arrowmtn.com Explain your rea- soning by relating the mutation to the cellular respiration process. The high frequency of symptomatic patients herein reported within the T LGLL cohort may account for the reduced OS in this LGLL subtype. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations why is only a tiny subset of these mutations. . why is only a tiny subset of these mutations. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021013489. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGLL) is a rare and heterogenous chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes (LGLs).1,2 The etiology of LGLL is unknown, but a constitutive activation of JAK/STAT pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of LGL proliferation,3 further supported by the discovery of somatic STAT3 and STAT5b mutations in 40% of patients.4-9 Among LGLLs, the latest World Health Organization classification recognizes a CD3+ T-cell LGLL (T-LGLL) and CD3 natural killer (NK)-LGLL, accounting for 85% and 15% of cases, respectively. From that, its led to a groundbreaking expansion of housing solutions. 1. Zaznacz stron. The investigation for LGL surface markers was performed on whole peripheral blood anticoagulated with EDTA or anticoagulant citrate dextrose and on purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Which evaporates more quickly: 55 mL of water (H2OH_2OH2O) in a beaker or 55 mL of acetone [(CH3)2CO][(CH_3)_2CO][(CH3)2CO] in an identical beaker under identical conditions? It is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype. provided patient samples and patient data; J.A., M.S., K.O., L.S., F.I., T.P.L., A.O., W.G.M., and T.L. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations Explain your reasoning. It is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species. Occasionally a female with a full mutation shows little or no effect of the full mutation and is sometimes referred to as a full mutation carrier. changing the total number of nucleotides shifts the reading frame and will make a totally different set of amino acids. All these patients were treated according to currently accepted indications.2,21 In detail, 8 of 58 (13.8%) patients started therapy due to severe neutropenia, 4 of 58 (6.9%) due to symptomatic neutropenia, 14 of 58 (24.1%) for transfusion-dependent anemia, 13 of 58 (22.4%) for symptomatic anemia, 6 of 58 (10.4%) due to combined severe neutropenia and symptomatic anemia, and the remaining 5 of 58 (8.6%) for symptomatic concomitant autoimmune diseases. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas along path 2? Within this latter subset of cases, 16 of 34 (47.1%) were V1+ and 18 cases were neither V1+ nor V2+ (Table3). Four patients treated with MTX discontinued the treatment due to toxicity. How many amino acids will be in the polypeptide produced by the normal DNA/mRNA sequence? People are embracing the tiny life philosophy and the freedom that accompanies the tiny house lifestyle. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations. Colonic adenocarcinoma contained a KRAS mutation in 18 (33%) of 55 cases. You synthesize mutant spikes and then test them for the ability to dock to human cells both in the presence of and absence of antibodies harvested from recovered patients But there's a catch - the number of potential genotypes is insane. With a median follow-up of 108 months (T) and of 48 months (T), median OS was not reached in both the cohorts. These cookies do not store any personal information. promiscuity being redefined as a "sexual addiction, biggest investment banks in the world; diane schuler mother eileen; 1967 pontiac station wagon for sale. Clinical and biological features of cases under study are summarized in supplemental Table1, available on the Blood website. These results suggest a possible prognostic role of early response to first-line therapy that should be further addressed in future prospective studies by systematically collecting response times. Among the various treatments, cyclosporine A was shown to provide the best response rates. All cells have DNA errors due to the mistakes that occur each time DNA is replicated prior to cell division. Path 2 consists of two steps: a pressure reduction at constant volume and an expansion at constant pressure. Several researchers have investigated why and how nature has selected this small number of folds. Most of the evidence currently available pertaining to immunotherapy in patients with oncogene-driven NSCLC comes from either subgroup analyses of clinical trials, small phase I or II non-controlled trials with combination regimens (generally including a targeted TKI as a backbone), Point mutations tend to happen in small steps. Here we report on the largest cohort of T LGL leukemia patients described so far in the literature with data collected between 1997 and 2020, as the result of a collaborative study involving 8 LGLL referral centers across the world. Inside a tumor, there are usually many genetic mutations, but only a small subset of them drive cancerous growth. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. State whether the mutation is likely to be passed on to the offspring of the organism. Screen Printing and Embroidery for clothing and accessories, as well as Technical Screenprinting, Overlays, and Labels for industrial and commercial applications Thrombocytopenia (platelets [PLTs]< 100000/mm3) and splenomegaly were detected in 18 of 119 (15.1%) and in 31 of 122 (21.4%) cases, respectively. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations A) yes None of the ten cases of urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation displayed KRAS mutation. For each of the mutations A - D in Model 2, circle the substitution that occurred by comparing the mutated DNA with the original DNA. Furthermore, the V2 expression profile also correlated with the STAT mutational status since all STAT3-mutated cases were V2, and the 3 patients with STAT5b mutations were V2+. Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children? A small subset of NSCLCs harbour mutations in ERBB2 (but not EGFR), and tumour cells that harbour the G776 insVG/C in ERBB2, although insensitive From that, its led to a groundbreaking expansion of housing solutions. Cosmetology - Laws and rules O.R.C. About 95% of these mutations are single-base substitutions (such as C>G), whereas the remainder are deletions or insertions of one or a few bases (such as CTT>CT) (table S1B). Deletion or addition of bases not in multiples of 3, Would all substitution mutations lead to a change in the amino acid sequence, Would all insertion or deletion mutations lead to a change in the amino acid sequence, Yes because when one letter is changed the whole sequence is moved back, Which types of mutations positive negative or neutral are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred, Neutral or positive because they will reproduce, Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children, Mutations have to be present in the sperm cells or egg cells, Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Most important, T LGLL patients more frequently displayed symptomatic disease due to anemia (often transfusion dependent), potentially partially explained by an increased frequency of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and PRCA,25 and concomitant autoimmune diseases. Accumulating evidence indicates that the association between STAT3 mutation and symptomatic disease is already recognized in T LGLL.6,7,31 Recent data also support a reduced survival for STAT3-mutated vs STAT3 wild-type cases.7 In contrast, the clinical impact of STAT5b mutations is still matter of debate; this mutation is present in the rare aggressive variants of LGLL8 as well as in indolent CD4+ T-LGLL.7,32 In the T LGLL setting, the real incidence of STATs gene mutations is still unknown, being studied up to now only in small cohorts of patients.7,16,33 In our study, mutations in STAT3 and STAT5b were screened in nearly 100 T LGLL cases, and a frequency of STAT3 mutations was found to be comparable with previously reported data in LGLL.4-6 Moreover, we also detected 3 T LGLL cases harboring STAT5b mutations who displayed an indolent disease as observed in CD4+ T LGLL. 11313 odwiedzonych stron, jacob's journey from beersheba to haran distance, tony madlock salary at south carolina state, low income apartments in new orleans westbank, How To Copy Miro Board To Another Account. These results support a more aggressive disease behavior of T LGLL, particularly for cases who do not show V2 expression, independently from the STAT3 mutational status. Mistakes can also occur in the transcription of mRNA or the translation of a polypeptide. CD16 and CD57 were typical LGL markers, and they were expressed on the expanded T cells at the highest frequency (72.3% and 78.4%, respectively); CD56 was present in 31.1% of cases. Unlike cases with STAT3 mutations, cases with STAT5b mutations were mostly asymptomatic, with only 1 case experiencing mild neutropenia and splenomegaly. For landmark analyses, PFS and OS were recalculated by shifting the time origin to 6 months after the start of therapy, and patients who experienced the event of progression or death before this time were excluded from the PFS or OS landmark analyses, respectively. From the phenotypic point of view, cases with STAT3 mutations were characterized by lower frequency of expression of CD56 (3.8% vs 56.1%, P< .0001), V2 (0% vs 50%, P= .0003), and V9 (25% vs 57.1%, P= .04). V2+ cases displayed a higher frequency of expression of CD56 (100% vs 9.1%, P< .0001), KIR (64.3% vs 18.8%, P= .0236), CD94 (76.5% vs 42.9%, P= .0351), and NKG2A (71.4% vs 6.2%, P=.0004), and no significant differences were found (vs V2 cases)regarding CD16 and CD57 expression (100% vs 81.8%, P= .1412, and 100% vs 81.8%, P= .1412, respectively). The topology generated by $\mathcal S$ is the smallest (coarsest) topology in which all the sets in $\mathcal S$ are open.. We first transform $\mathcal S$ into a basis $\mathcal B$ consisting of all (nonempty) finite intersections of sets in $\mathcal S$, and then take the topology 1 Another challenge to the idea that genetic alterations were not required for telomerase activation in cancer was raised by the finding that mutations of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter occurred in 70% of melanomas and in a small number of tumor cell lines derived from various tissue types (14, 15).Importantly, only 5 of 110 cell lines Which types of mutations positive negative or neutral are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children. Light of wavelength 550 nm is used to calibrate a Michelson interferometer. An association between T LGLL and PRCA has been widely described, and it is also known that PRCA patients benefit from CyA treatment. Parallel Session 1 - Donors and donation - Donor selection and decisions: the ins and outs All cells have DNA errors due to the mistakes that occur each time DNA is replicated prior to cell division. T large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGLL) is a rare variant of T-cell LGLL (T-LGLL) that has been less investigated as compared with the more frequent T LGLL, particularly in terms of frequency of STAT3 and STAT5b mutations. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. B)only if reproductive cells mutated too Explain your reasoning. You synthesize mutant spikes and then test them for the ability to dock to human cells both in the presence of and absence of antibodies harvested from recovered patients But theres a catch - the number of potential genotypes is insane. Response rates and the absolute numbers of cases are reported in supplemental Figure1 and Table1. Interestingly, all V2+ cases showed concomitant V9 expression (100%), and only a small fraction of V2 cases was also V9+ (18.2%, P< .0001). Consider DNA sequence 4 in Model 1. C) mutation C. Which types of mutations, positive, negative or neutral, are most likely to be seen in offspring several generations after the mutation occurred? rate my professor occc. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations. Abstract It has been noted that natural proteins adapt only a limited number of folds. Spike is over 150. In this study, we characterized the clinical and biological features of 137 patients affected by T LGLL; data were retrospectively collected from 1997 to . The designability of a structure (fold) is . b Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed on to our children. However, PD-L1 is the only approved predictive marker for immunotherapy in NSCLC. Medical and Dental Practice housed in one convenient location. Moreover, based on surface T-cell receptor expression, T and T subsets of LGLL can be identified.10, Although LGLL incidence ranges between 0.2 and 0.72 cases per 1 million individuals per year,1 the frequency of T proliferation is still not well defined, and most information has been collected through small retrospective studies. For original data, please contact r.zambello@unipd.it or g.semenzato@unipd.it. Consequently, a clear treatment indication was not available. Response to treatment was evaluated based on periodical clinical and laboratory examinations after at least 4 to 6 months of therapy, using the currently accepted response criteria for LGLL.18 The frequency of LGLs positive for the characteristic antigens was assessed by flow cytometry using direct immunofluorescence assays combining up to 6 markers per tube, according to standard operating procedures of individual centers. Answer (1 of 3): Not theory, experiment. celebrity veranda stateroom . The rest are harmless passenger mutations. In the Italian cohort, 2 cases showed the A662_N663delinsH deletion and insertion and an in-frame insertion, G656_Y657ins, as previously reported.7 In contrast, STAT5b mutations were found in only 4 cases (4.2%), of whom 3 carried the N642H variant and 1 had the Y665F mutation. What could potentially cause more damage (or a greater benefit) to an organism, a deletion mutation at the beginning of a DNA sequence or at the end of a DNA sequence? Point mutations tend to happen in small steps. Why is only a tiny subset of these mutations passed onto our children? Population. T large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGLL) is a rare variant of T-cell LGLL (T-LGLL) that has been less investigated as compared with the more frequent T LGLL, particularly in terms of frequency of STAT3 and STAT5b mutations. genetic mutations pogil Flashcards | Quizlet A car is traveling west at 22.0m/s22.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}22.0m/s. What is the effect of this substitution mutation on the amino acid sequence? why is only a tiny subset of these mutations A) you have so many cells that small mutations are unlikely to harm you B) only mutations that effect the reproductive cells are passed on, this is because of sexual reproduction. mammary glands: Only found in mammals, these are specialized glands that can produce milk for feeding young. Point mutations tend to happen in small steps. A dominant KIR expression was demonstrated in 23 of 56 cases (41.1%), with CD158b being the most frequently expressed marker (13/56, 23.2%), followed by CD158a (8/56, 14.3%) and CD158e (5/56, 8.9%). We also compared the prevalence of EGFR mutations identified in our population with that of the four largest publicly available lung cancer cohorts (total n=576 samples). Among patients requiring treatment (n= 57), landmark analyses for PFS and OS were performed according to response status at 6 months since therapy initiation, only in the subsets of patients for whom precise timing of response was available (n= 20 for PFS and n= 29 for OS). There are proofreading enzymes in cells that correct many of these mistakes, bu The higher S/CO ratio in ART+/HIV+ donations is probably due to later initiation of ART in these donors as roll-out of very early treatment has only started recently. The genetic code is a Gray Code, often mutations have no effect, or hydrophobic amino acids are replaced by other hydrophobic ones, amino acids are replaced by others of similar size, etc. Explain your reasoning. why is only a tiny subset of these mutations
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