This chapter introduces anthropology as an academic subject and explores its historical development. 2. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. Believed the study of society should be dispassionate and scientific. Anthropology of Religion Quizzes 1-7 Flashcards | Quizlet Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders Religious Leaders All societies have individuals whose job it is to guide or supplement the religious practices of others. Religion. Don't over reach on interpretation --> symbolism is open to individual interpretation, and our interpretation may be different. - Rituals reinforce a cultural message already familiar to participants, - Wanted to prove that all religion is a result of anthropomorphism, and therefore illusory Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutionsand the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Begin taking passes before (mediums move their hands over you. Powers that are not human or subject to the laws of nature. \text{Net income} & \$\hspace{5pt}38,000 & \text{Depreciation expense} & \$ 13,000\\ theorized a linear evolution of religion, from magic to religion to science, adopted by Tylor and Frazer; theorizes that religion originates in an attempt to rationally explain the world but ultimately gives way to science, theorized that the natural beauty of the world inspires religion Some animals are venerated because they are feared either as predators or as poisonous. It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes, the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, the study of contemporary human societies, the technique of study involving living within the community and participating to a degree in the lives of the people under study, while at the same time making objective observations, characteristics that are found in all human societies, discussing groups in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers, a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits, peoples who plow, fertilize, and irrigate their crops, peoples who garden in the absence of fertilization, irrigation, and other advanced technologies, peoples without any form of plant or animal domestication, peoples whose primary livelihood comes from the herding of domesticated animals, a technique used to reveal things that are difficult or impossible to discover by other means, attempting to see the world through the eyes of the people being studied, using one's own society as the basis for interpreting and judging other societies, attempting to describe and understand people's customs and ideas without judging them, a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects, such as the color red symbolizing *stop* in traffic signals, a definition in which one defines terms so that they are observable and measurable and therefore can be studied, a definition that focuses on the way a topic manifests itself or is expressed in a culture, a definition that focuses on what a topic does either socially or psychologically, a definition that looks at what is the essential nature of a topic, referring to things that are "above the natural", denotes an attitude wherein the subject is entitled to reverence and respect, a belief in spirit beings (gods, souls, ghosts, demons, etc. Example: Born again Christians, Islam jama- Jihad, Judaist Haredi. Sacred emblems symbolizing common identity. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Functionalists see them? These religious leaders may be one of three different types--priest , shaman , or prophet . Evaluate the operating cash flow of Steven Corporation. Instead, they serve a symbolic, representational function. 1. 5. The purpose is to mark time, to establish or maintain a connection between the performers and their cultures or communities, and to inspire active and regular participation of members of a tradition in its beliefs and practices. Found in cultures with diverse religious beliefs. Lacks written scripture and formal creeds - British anthropologist, she worked with the people of Mafia Island in Tanzania They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. Criticized for being scraggly and ill-used. Communitas describes the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness. Englishman 1871-1958. - The authority of the fieldworker to ask questions and edit the answers is part of the process of anthropological production. Once completed, it is followed by more rituals, and they conclude by sweeping up all the colored sand into an urn. Create a spreadsheet similar to Tables 8.68.68.6 and 8.78.78.7 to answer the following: Discuss Victor Turner's concept of communitas. \hline \text { Source of Variation } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & F & \text { p-value } \\ The ritual is preceded by purification rites over the site and the objects used in creating the mandala. Purification rituals may also be done on their own as a preparation for most everyday activities, from eating to working to sleeping. the study of human biology and evolution. In a personal ritual, the beneficiary is generally the person who performs it. \hline \text { Within Groups } & 1302.41 & 50 & 26.05 & & \\ A kind of religion. Learn anthropology religion with free interactive flashcards. \end{array} anthropology religion Flashcards and Study Sets | Quizlet What are the main criticisms of trait theories? Significant here is his identification of three stages that can be seen in most such rites: the pre-ritual state, the liminal or transitional state, and the postritual state. The founder of the anthropology of religion. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 86 The quest for justice Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by lizard2025 Terms in this set (86) What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? \text{Sales (420,000 units)}&&\$\hspace{5pt}7,450,000\\ Ultimately, however, rituals serve as vehicles to create or enhance the proximity of the rituals beneficiaries to the realm of the divine, to influence the divine or supernatural, or to facilitate the attainment of power associated with the spirit being who is propitiated. The actual creation can take up to a week. a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - Kogi are decedents of this people Term. ", theorized a linear evolution of religion, from animism to polytheism to monotheism, wrote "The Golden Bough" She thought that each culture had their own sex plan. Has a notion of salvation, often from outside (a 'coming deliverer') 3. These typically include physical cleansing of participants, ritual items, and ritual sites. \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ As an example, Tibetan Buddhist monks ritually create elaborate mandalas, or sacred designs, using colored sand. List three characteristics of the Kogi religion, 1. When the double leaves the body the person dies. Very individualistic early on. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. When Anthropologists Study Religions, They Do So In An Attempt To Their society is ruled by the priestly class of Mamas Ch 3 Vocab - Anthropology Of Religion, Magic, And Witchcraft Placed a premium on hard work and profit. Are polytheistic. May be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behaviour. Thus, vows and rituals go hand in hand. The accounting records of Steven Corporation reveal the following: Based on written scriptures A collective effervescence can develop in Religious contexts. When the individual who performs a ritual is a commoner or lay person, the ritual is generally a personal one. 1. All of these might be considered types of religious ritual (saying a formulaic prayer, burning incense at an altar, going on a pilgrimage to a sacred site, exorcising an evil spirit. Not "imaginary". The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. 2, the idea that religion is, above all else, a question of faith or belief is most associated with, Studies about the evolution of religion tend to focus on all but which of the following questions, Evolution of religion asks all these key questions (When did religion begin, how did it begin, how did religion change over time, is the emergence of religion associated with other aspects of biological evolution?). For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. Some animals are venerated because they represent anomalies that cross categories of human thought, The parts of the body that are sometimes thought of as "natural symbols" that were discussed by your text include all but the following. Christianity originated as a ____ ____, Jesus was one of several prophets. Customs and institutions were integrated and interrelated: change affects all aspects. They are generally done in combination with a vow to perform repeatedly a particular ritual for a certain number of times or days. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . Example: circumcision of teenagers, temporarily separate youth from community, confirmations, baptism, bar/bat mitzvahs, frat hazing. They are based variously on ideas human social structures, emotions, or cognition. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. ", Much of the success of traditional healers may be attributed to the kinds of conditions they treat. An example of the latter is a ritual done to purify or sanctify a place or object. inspiration leads to myths that lead to religion, theorized that desires and fantasies lead to religion, theorized that needs lead to a search for meaning that leads to religion, theorized that familiar relations lead to religion Tylor believed that more science=less ____. According to your chapter, the most likely period in which religion came to be important for prehistoric peoples was the, According to your chapter, the general term for how magic and religion help foster social solidarity while also helping people cope with anxiety about natural phenomena over which they have no control is, Naskapi hunting divination is an example of, The anthropologist most associated with cultural materialist explanations of seemingly mal-adaptive ecological practices is, Which of the following is the best ecological explanation of "pig love" and "pig hate", Pigs are unsuited to the very dry climate of the Middle East, T/F: According to your text, religious beliefs and practices always promote sound environmental practices, The leading theorist associated with the concept that religious symbols transcend cultural and historical concepts was. emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.