[58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Int J Radiat Biol. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 1999;9:3438. PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Article Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. 2016;397:2239. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Cobb et al. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2015;148:150. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2004;2004:19. (PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. J Natl Cancer Inst. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Clin Neurophysiol. Xiong et al. CAS Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Smythe JW, Costall B. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . . 2013;5:5500110. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Cell Biochem Biophys. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. 2010;28:445. Kwon et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Annu Rev Physiol. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Wang et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 2009;4:e4389. 2013;34:26474. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Technol Cancer Res Treat. J Neuro. Bioelectromagnetics. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with 2009;72:20514. 2012;31:6774. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Radiat Res. Arch Environ Health. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. 2014;12:75. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 1994;15:95104. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Article PubMed Central Xu et al. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) 2009;63:10106. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Fragopoulou et al. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. 2012;25:1828. 2008;29:52738. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Richter et al. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Vorobyov et al. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Neuroreport. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Google Scholar. 2011;35:36978. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 2003;14:2436. Nat Med. Bioelectromagnetics. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Bioelectromagnetics. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2002;57:2702. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. 2005;360:6577. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. CAS They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. 2012;3:3440. 2011;343:5224. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Article Bull Exp Biol Med. Electromagn Biol Med. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Biomed Environ Sci. CAS Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Zhao et al. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2014;53:22230. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 1994;8:714. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Pathophysiology. 2008;169:3845. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Google Scholar. Mortazavi et al. 2003;11:346. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. J Med Food. 1984;4:285665. CAS 2004;48:46624. Bioelectromagnetics. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. 2006;27:11926. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2010;39:67594. Chin J Indus Hyg. Lai et al. 2015;91:42634. World J Biol Chem. 2005;130:591600. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. 2017;52:23947. Verma et al. Koch C, Zador A. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Microwave Radiations and Its Effects on Human Health-A Review In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Gold PE. Mack et al. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Neurosci Lett. Qiao et al. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Interphone study group. Behav Brain Res. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Wang Q, Cao Z. Cancer Res. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Int J Radiat Biol. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Suhhova et al. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. radiations. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2010;3:4650. 2017;38:106976. 1999;4:102. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Microwave Health Effects 2000;6:18793. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Megha et al. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. 2010;1347:17985. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;996:8996. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The conclusions are shown in Table3. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. The effects are usually . Google Scholar. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Neuroscience. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Dasdag et al. Zhang et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Correspondence to Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. 2003;41:26887. PubMed [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. 2002;64:31353. Int J Radiat Biol. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2014:125. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. 2005;438:18592. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. PLoS One. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Dasdag et al. Electromagn Biol Med. as it have a harmful side. 2006;5:389. Mol Cell Biol. Radiat Res. 2006;27:16471. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain.